ABSTRACT
The authors of literature cover a fairly wide range of articulate ‘nationalist intellectuals’ but virtually no professional historians. The spread in neonationalist revisionist arguments on the war, with increased plausibility and sophistication, has repeatedly emboldened public figures to make rash statements about the war and Japanese colonialism, usually leading to their dismissal from public office. The Americans only experienced the reality in Vietnam, long after the Tokyo Trials had condemned Japan for actions later found to be unavoidable in that form of warfare. A group of Indian doctors who arrived in Hankow in the summer of 1938 received detailed reports from the Chinese on Japanese crimes and the war situation but no account of a massacre. Japan received frequent protests from the United States, Britain, and France, which had numerous interests in China, including a joint protest on the indiscriminate bombing of Nanking.
