ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the link between citizenship and nationality thereby as a major obstacle to equal membership on the formal basis as well as within civil society at large. A concept of citizenship which is disconnected from ethnic descent and based on residential criteria will be argued for to resist the power of nationalism and racialization. The chapter looks at the effects of the shift towards an ethnic definition of formal citizenship for postwar labour migrants. The acceptance of labour migrants followed very different patterns in Germany and Britain. In educational terms, more and more children of immigrants complete their school education and thus, gain the necessary qualifications to get good job training. The issue of citizenship has gained a new dimension with the finalization of the Maastricht Treaty - not only in terms of supra-nationality, but also as it involves scope for sub-national innovations.
