ABSTRACT
We now turn to the final major type of international human rights actor: transnational actors, understood as “private” actors (that is, not states or multilateral organizations) that operate across state borders. Among the diverse array of private actors, we will be concerned with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), that is, private, noncommercial groups with an issue-specific mandate. More precisely, we will be concerned with transnational or international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs)—NGOs that operate internationally. The “Problem” for this chapter will explore the human rights responsibilities of businesses in some detail.
