ABSTRACT
Early generation perovskite solar cells have a lifetime of 1000–2000 h. Under constant illumination, an encapsulated two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cell has been reported to last for 2250 h. With many researchers working in the field making progress, the durability will continue to be improved allowing cells to pass the critical International Electrochemical Commission photovoltaic module environmental tests, including the humidity freeze and light soaking test making perovskite solar cells commercially viable. Although a plethora of literature on perovskite stability including methods of improving cell durability can be found, a consistent reporting method or a standardized testing regime is still lacking. This is due to the early stage of the technology development, the many facets of instability exhibited by perovskite solar cells not only in device performance but also in device operation itself, and different behaviors and failure modes in cells of different architecture.
