ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the four C's, and discusses in relation to a wider context of related psychological models and theories. Mental toughness is by four scales: first, challenge, this refers to the extent to which individuals see problems as opportunities for self-development rather than threats. Second, commitment, which concerns deep involvement with whatever one is doing. Third, confidence, reflecting a high sense of self belief and an unshakeable faith in having the ability to achieve success while not being intimidated and fourth, control, which reflects a tendency to feel and act as if one is influential. Confidence is a notoriously fuzzy term. It is widely discussed but rarely fully understood. From our initial research it became obvious that confidence was the "missing" component of mental toughness. The control dimension of mental toughness is closely related to learned helplessness.
