ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the relationship of symbolic processes to ego-functioning by restating Sigmund Freud's initial formulation of the differences between the primary and secondary processes with special reference to D. W. Winnicott and Marion Milner's concept of illusion. It explains the theory of symbolism on the basis of the assumption that symbolization is a general capacity of the mind which is based on perception and which may be used either by the primary or the secondary process. Symbols arise by displacement of cathexis from the imagos of objects of primary instinctual interest onto the imagos of objects that have been perceived in the outside world. Once formed, a symbol may be used by either the primary or the secondary process. The process of symbol-formation presupposes some degree of ego-development, since the symbol-to-be has to be perceived before it can be used as a symbol.
