ABSTRACT
Psychoanalytic models of supervision have developed in tandem with, and therefore reflect, developments in psychoanalytic theory and therapeutic practice. Frawley-O’Dea and Sarnat have developed a model of supervision that reflects recen developments in psychoanalytic practice. Some models have been developed specifically for psychoanalytic supervision, and some models have a more general application throughout the helping professions. David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory has been influential in a number of professions that are skills based, including management training, teaching, counselling, nursing, and social work. A number of studies have demonstrated a learning style preference for concrete experience among students and supervisors in different fields within the caring professions. However, the author wish to include Watkins model, which he calls the supervisor complexity model as it goes beyond a description of stages to consider other factors influencing supervisor functioning. The integrated development model takes a stage approach to supervisee development, identifying four stages: dependency; dependency–autonomous; conditional dependency; master professional.
