ABSTRACT
Ideally, neuroscience is devoted to developing general theories that explain relationships between data and concepts from multiple levels of analysis. In psychoanalytic terms, the strongest antisocial, sexual and aggressive wishes arouse conscious or unconscious fears of severe punishment and pain for violating moral standards or taboos. Allan Snyder has demonstrated convincingly that either relatively raw sense data or concepts can be in conscious awareness at any one time. Psychoanalytic ideas themselves can be used to study organisations. When the term "altered consciousness" is used, the writer is referring to some big, dramatic, or important change. But most simply, every change in consciousness from recalling a phone number to an experience of strong emotion, involves changes in the content of the person's focal awareness. Fritz Heider's thinking became the basis of attribution theory, a branch of experimental social psychology that aims to discover the way the typical person comes to make causal inferences.
