ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on some of the instances in which children have experiences that can in no way be considered average and expected, and how these experiences influence their development. Migration is such a circumstance, and overlaps with other experiences such as culture shock, immigration, trauma, refugee life, and trafficking. The chapter considers these related topics from several points of view: psychoanalytic developmental theory, psychiatry, social sciences, and interventions. In the humanities and social sciences, social work, children's rights groups, lawyers, educators, economists, sociologists, and religious groups may be more involved than psychological organizations. Anna Freud, in a 1968 paper on child analysis, referred to some of the things children require from their parents to develop well. In their study of thousands of children aged six and older in the Netherlands, they found that most of the increased risk of psychotic disorders was attributable to situations which also included family stressors.
