ABSTRACT
Young intellectuals pushed for cultural, educational, and political reform, the revolutions of 1911 and 1913 successfully swept away the last of China’s traditional educational system and ended the Manchu dynasty. The success of the May Fourth Movement empowered students and incited them to further agitate and join student groups, and many organizations formed immediately after the movement’s victory. The students clearly were dedicated to reform and willing to face armed government troops in order to achieve it, but their success hinged on the willing ear of Jose Salinas and on his influence with Irigoyen. The Argentinean university reform movement was a complete success, not only radically changing the nature of higher education in Argentina but also influencing many other Latin American student movements. Responding to the Kazan demonstration, for example, mounted Cossacks herded over one thousand protesters up against the front of the city cathedral before charging into the crowd with drawn sabers.
