ABSTRACT
The eminent twentieth-century anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss wrote that anthropology, more specifically ethnology or the description and analysis of humankind's diverse cultures, "is first of all psychology". Especially in the United States but also in France and Germany, psychological concerns have pervaded anthropology and continue to do so; in fact, they may do so more today than at any time since the 1970s. While American cultural anthropology has had an abiding interest in psychological matters, British social anthropology was traditionally relatively disinterested. It is an underappreciated fact that psychology and anthropology both emerged around the same time and often shared practitioners but that both originally had their roots in biological and even medical sciences. Cesare Lombroso, a medical doctor and criminologist, devised a theory of "anthropological criminology" on the basis of physical characteristics or defects that he claimed were diagnostic of deviant personality and behavior.
