ABSTRACT
The technological breakthrough of anode materials for lithium secondary battery in the end of the 1980s and early 1990s resulted in the birth and commercialization of lithium-ion battery (LIB). Lithium-ion supercapacitors (LISCs), consisting of an LIB electrode and an electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC) electrode in a lithium salt containing organic electrolyte, are expected to bridge the gap between LIBs and EDLCs and become the ultimate power source for hybrid vehicles and electrical vehicles. The most prominent feature of the LISCs based on carbon battery-type anodes is the wide working voltage. Since unexpected gassing is one of the main factors to decrease cycling performance, the gassing of the LISC was investigated at different current densities. Besides carbons, metal oxides are also very promising for their usage as battery-type anodes in LISCs because of their non-toxicity, good chemical stability, low solubility, and excellent safety.
