ABSTRACT
Latin American economies accelerated their path toward modernity. Argentina was probably the most spectacular case. With every indicator of economic expansion skyrocketing, hundreds of thousands of European immigrants arrived every year to settle permanently. The most radical opposition developed at the end of the century, and it came from anarchist organizations (in Argentina) and socialist groups in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Socialists also voiced radical ideological objections to the established order in the country, as they did in Chile and Brazil. Socialists appealed to the new urban working classes, eventually finding support among middle classes as well. They shared with liberalism a strong emphasis on the need to instill in the poor a strong faith in science and public instruction as the chief liberating tools for the oppressed majorities. Traditional liberal claims for civil liberties and constitutional methods of government were no longer central to liberalism.
