ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the origins of individual differences in empathy-related constructs that are assessed in adults and children. It focuses on two classes of variables: inherited predispositions, generally thought to reflect a substantial biological component, and environmental influences, typically those occurring during childhood. The chapter examines the evidence for both of these potential influences on dispositional empathic tendencies. Considerably more studies have addressed the question of environmental influences on dispositional empathy, yet the total number of investigations is not overwhelming, and many gaps in the research remain. The literature regarding socialization influences on empathy is marked by considerable inconsistency, yet a few clear patterns emerge. The evidence is fairly strong that close and secure family relationships are associated with heightened affective responsivity to the experiences of others. Such associations have been found using standard laboratory assessments of attachment, reports by the children of relationship quality, and through comparisons of children from abusive and nonabusive families.
