ABSTRACT
Despite its huge investments in technical and human intelligence (HUMINT), the United States (US) relies on liaison and cooperative arrangements with foreign intelligence and security services for a significant portion of its intelligence. The US can benefit in several ways from such cooperative relationships with foreign intelligence and security services. Cooperation extends across virtually all intelligence disciplines and applications of interest to the US: signals intelligence (SIGINT), HUMINT, geospatial intelligence, measurement and signature intelligence, space surveillance, open sources, counterterrorist operations, counternarcotics operations, and analysis and data exchange. The cooperative arrangement between the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) includes NGA office space at DIGO headquarters. The US-British military alliance in World War II necessitated a high degree of cooperation with respect to intelligence activities. In one case, US-Canadian cooperation in the SIGINT area resulted from a US inability to process the data produced by the CANYON Communications Intelligence satellite.
