ABSTRACT
The question of whether Stalin's terror was genocidal in intent has focused largely on the famine of 1932- 1933 and the assertion that it was not only artificial and man-made but was an intentional act of genocide directed against the Ukrainian people. Charging Stalin with genocide, Mace has called the famine "a means used by Stalin to impose a 'final solution' on the most pressing nationality problem in the Soviet Union". In direct opposition to Mace and Conquest, Stephen Wheatcraft argues that the famine was not created to weaken Ukrainian nationalism. Rather, Ukrainian nationalism was weakened as a consequence of the famine. In the case of Ukraine, forced collectivization was seen as a war by the non-Ukrainian urban population against the Ukrainian villagers. James Hughes states that "the specter of famine" endangered Ukraine and the industrial heartland.
