ABSTRACT
The early military writings occasionally appended succinct, poignant names to various types of armies, often coupled with suggested means for confronting and defeating them. In general the reasons troops are raised are five: to contend for fame; to contend for profit; from accumulated hatreds; from internal disorder; and from famine. This chapter identifies an invading army's behavior in terms of two fundamental modes of action: respectful versus cruel and brutal. Armies have five names: The first is "Awesomely Strong," the second is "Loftily Arrogant," the third is "Firmly Unbending," the fourth is "Fearfully Suspicious," and the fifth is "Doubly Soft." Mobilizing the army out of anger is termed "hard." Abandoning the forms of propriety and greedily seeking profit is termed "fierce." Sun-tzu himself was a strong exponent of avoiding frequent, prolonged military actions because they would debilitate the state, and Sun Pin's era, although far more precarious, generally accorded nominal respect to proper motives.
