ABSTRACT
Introduction In these concluding remarks I engage in a fuller discussion of the uses
of culture (especially ritual and religion) in identity construction and change. This involves examining (1) the culture-of-resistance, (2) the (re)invention of ethnic identity (or at least the minimization of Arab identity) and the substitution (reinvention) of a pan-Islamic identity for political gain and state formation, (3) the manipulation of culture (especially religion) to marginalize women, (4) the male positioning of women as repositories of culture, intended as a conservative location for women within a revolutionary / radical transformative situation, and (5) women's resistance to and/ or subverting of that positioning.
