ABSTRACT
All the sensitive and difficult subjects related to the Jewish side of the Shoah one, in particular, are of exceptional significance: the highly controversial, issue of Jewish resistance during the war. Contrary to widely circulated and passionately believed claims of organized Jewish international conspiracies, the reality was that the 9,000,000 Jews in Europe were deeply divided by nationality, class, education, politics, religion, and language. Bundists and Communists linked their future with the larger non-Jewish society, though the Bund was created to take into account the special punishing situation of the Jews in Eastern European societies. “Spiritual resistance” included a wide range of issues and values. Among them was the maintenance of Jewish dignity, the demonstration that Jews were part of the human family, and the living out of Judaism’s ethical ideals. The prayer spoke of Jewish history as a “history of spiritual greatness and spiritual dignity.”
