ABSTRACT
Besides developing strategies, managers seek to motivate. In the developed and industrialized West, a number of techniques have been developed to do so including X that assumes that workers are lazy, not to be trusted, and must be motivated by material rewards or the threat to withhold them. Theory Y, in contrast, insists that workers potentially like their work, can be loyal, and are best motivated with non-material rewards. Theory Z focuses upon cultural dimensions while David McClelland emphasizes the specific role of innate needs in particular cultures. This non-exhaustive discussion of motivation is presented with reference to indigenous, ethnic, and rural peoples. Specific issues addressed include:
1 Understanding how Scientific Management and Theory X view employees in a way that leads to views of motivation that concentrate upon materials gain.
