ABSTRACT
This chapter demonstrates aspects of the classic, Western/European narrative, which is the embedded nature of hierarchy, linear time, and power as strength. In a more global narrative, an alternative perspective of power is illustrated in the concept of the mandala and heterarchy and lends itself to an alternative form of state, often tributary in nature, and in stark contrast to the Westphalian state of the classic narrative. The idea of the mandala and its diffused/relational power spread throughout Southeast Asia during the Han dynasty in China, who used the concept of concentric circles of power and alliance to explain, and even to predict, relations between entities in their sphere of influence. Building on the states systems/society dichotomy, Watson’s examination of historical states-systems offers the visual of a pendulum of states to describe these relationships. Historical leaders had very little structural power to implement policies towards their own people, let alone the ability to create a consistent ‘foreign policy.’
