ABSTRACT

Orienting is the gateway to attention, the first step in processing stimulus information. This volume examines these initial stages of information intake, focusing on the sensory and motivational mechanisms that determine such phenomena as stimulus selection and inhibition, habituation, pre-attentive processing, and expectancy. Psychophysiological methods are emphasized throughout. The contributors consider analyses based on cardiovascular and electrodermal changes, reflex reactions, and neural events in the cortex and subcortex.

Stimulated by a conference lauding Frances Graham -- held before and during a recent meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, the book presents current theory and research by an international cadre of outstanding investigators. A major researcher and theorist in the field of attention for more than three decades, Dr. Graham contributes an Afterword to the present volume which is both a consideration of the work which has gone before, and a new, original theory paper on preattentive processing and attention.

part I|40 pages

Current Investigations of the Classical Theory of Orienting and Defense

chapter 1|21 pages

Orienting and Defense Reflexes

Vector Coding the Cardiac Response

chapter 2|18 pages

Orienting, Habituation, and Information Processing

The Effects of Omission, the Role of Expectancy, and the Problem of Dishabituation

part II|144 pages

Biological and Evolutionary Foundations of Orienting, Startle, and Defense

chapter 3|26 pages

Origins of Orienting and Defensive Responses

An Evolutionary Perspective

chapter 4|28 pages

The Neurophysiological Basis of Acoustic Startle Modulation

Research on Fear Motivation and Sensory Gating

chapter 5|39 pages

Motivated Attention

Affect, Activation, and Action

chapter 6|28 pages

Differentiating Orienting, Startle, and Defense Responses

The Role of Affect and Its Implications for Psychopathology

chapter 7|20 pages

As Fast as the Blink of an Eye

Evolutionary Preparedness for Preattentive Processing of Threat

part III|142 pages

Startle Reflex and Electro-Cortical Studies of Attention and Stimulus Gating

chapter 9|23 pages

The More or Less Startling Effects of Weak Prestimulation—Revisited

Prepulse Modulation of Multicomponent Blink Reflexes

chapter 10|27 pages

A Tale of Two Reflexes

An ERP Analysis of Prepulse Inhibition and Orienting

chapter 12|26 pages

Gating in Readiness

chapter |36 pages

Afterword

Pre-Attentive Processing and Passive and Active Attention