ABSTRACT
Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science is the first-ever single-source reference work to inclusively cover classic and modern studies in plant biology in conjunction with research, applications, and innovations in crop science and agriculture. From the fundamentals of plant growth and reproduction to developments in agronomy and agricultural science, the encyclopedia's authoritative content nurtures communication between these academically distinct yet intrinsically related fields-offering a spread of clear, descriptive, and concise entries to optimally serve scientists, agriculturalists, policy makers, students, and the general public.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
entry |4 pages
Agriculture and Biodiversity
entry |4 pages
Agriculture: Why and How Did It Begin?
entry |4 pages
Air Pollutant Interactions with Pests and Pathogens
entry |4 pages
Air Pollutants: Effects of Ozone on Crop Yield and Quality
entry |3 pages
Air Pollutants: Interactions with Elevated Carbon Dioxide
entry |4 pages
Air Pollutants: Responses of Plant Communities
entry |6 pages
Alternative Feedstocks for Bioprocessing
entry |3 pages
Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism
entry |4 pages
Aneuploid Mapping in Diploids
entry |6 pages
Aneuploid Mapping in Polyploids
entry |4 pages
Anther and Microspore Culture and Production of Haploid Plants
entry |4 pages
Arabidopsis thaliana: Characteristics and Annotation of a Model Genome
entry |4 pages
Arabidopsis Transcription Factors: Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis Among Eukaryotes
entry |3 pages
Archaeobotanical Remains: New Dating Methods
entry |7 pages
Aromatic Plants for the Flavor and Fragrance Industries
entry |3 pages
Ascorbic Acid: An Essential Micronutrient Provided by Plants
entry |3 pages
ATP and NADPH
entry |4 pages
B Chromosomes
entry |4 pages
Bacterial Attachment to Leaves
entry |5 pages
Bacterial Blight of Rice
entry |5 pages
Bacterial Pathogens: Detection and Identification Methods
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Pathogens: Early Interactions with Host Plants
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Products Important for Plant Disease: Cell-Surface Components
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Products Important for Plant Disease: Diffusible Metabolites As Regulatory Signals
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Products Important for Plant Disease: Extracellular Enzymes
entry |4 pages
Bacterial Products Important for Plant Disease: Toxins and Growth Factors
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Survival and Dissemination in Insects
entry |3 pages
Bacterial Survival and Dissemination in Natural Environments
entry |4 pages
Bacterial Survival and Dissemination in Seeds and Planting Material
entry |4 pages
Bacterial Survival Strategies
entry |3 pages
Bacteria-Plant Host Specificity Determinants
entry |3 pages
Biennial Crops
entry |5 pages
Bioinformatics
entry |4 pages
Biological Control in the Phyllosphere
entry |3 pages
Biological Control of Nematodes
entry |4 pages
Biological Control of Oomycetes and Fungal Pathogens
entry |5 pages
Biological Control of Weeds
entry |4 pages
Biosafety Applications in the Plant Sciences: Expanding Notions About
entry |3 pages
Biosafety Approaches to Transgenic Crop Plant Gene Flow
entry |3 pages
Biosafety Considerations for Transgenic Insecticidal Plants: Non-Target Herbivores, Detritivores, and Pollinators
entry |4 pages
Biosafety Considerations for Transgenic Insecticidal Plants: Non-Target Predators and Parasitoids
entry |4 pages
Biosafety Programs for Genetically Engineered Plants: An Adaptive Approach
entry |3 pages
Biosafety Science: Overview of Plant Risk Issues
entry |4 pages
Boron
entry |3 pages
Breeding Biennial Crops
entry |5 pages
Breeding Clones
entry |3 pages
Breeding for Durable Resistance
entry |4 pages
Breeding for Nutritional Quality
entry |3 pages
Breeding Hybrids
entry |4 pages
Breeding Plants and Heterosis
entry |3 pages
Breeding Plants with Transgenes
entry |6 pages
Breeding Pure Line Cultivars
entry |3 pages
Breeding Self-Pollinated Crops Through Marker-Assisted Selection
entry |2 pages
Breeding Synthetic Cultivars
entry |4 pages
Breeding Using Doubled Haploids
entry |4 pages
Breeding Widely Adapted Cultivars: Examples from Maize
entry |3 pages
Breeding: Choice of Parents
entry |4 pages
Breeding: Genotype-by-Environment Interaction
entry |3 pages
Breeding: Incorporation of Exotic Germplasm
entry |4 pages
Breeding: Mating Designs
entry |3 pages
Breeding: Participatory Approaches
entry |5 pages
Breeding: Recurrent Selection and Gain from Selection
entry |4 pages
Breeding: The Backcross Method
entry |4 pages
C3 Photosynthesis to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Shift in Mesembryanthenum crystallinum: A Stress Tolerance Mechanism
entry |5 pages
Carotenoids in Photosynthesis
entry |5 pages
Cereal Sprouting
entry |3 pages
Chemical Weed Control
entry |5 pages
Chlorophylls
entry |3 pages
Takashi R. Endo
entry |4 pages
Chromosome Manipulation and Crop Improvement
entry |3 pages
Chromosome Rearrangements
entry |5 pages
Chromosome Structure and Evolution
entry |5 pages
Circadian Clock in Plants
entry |3 pages
Classification and Identification of Nematodes
entry |3 pages
Classification and Nomenclature of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
entry |3 pages
Coevolution of Insects and Plants
entry |5 pages
Columbian Exchange: The Role of Analogue Crops in the Adoption and Dissemination of Exotic Cultigens
entry |3 pages
Commercial Micropropagation
entry |4 pages
Competition: Responses to Shade by Neighbors
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication in Africa
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication in China
entry |4 pages
Crop Domestication in Mesoamerica
entry |6 pages
Crop Domestication in Prehistoric Eastern North America
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication in Southeast Asia
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication in Southwest Asia
entry |4 pages
Crop Domestication in the American Tropics: Phytolith Analyses
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication in the American Tropics: Starch Grain Analyses
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication: Fate of Genetic Diversity
entry |4 pages
Crop Domestication: Founder Crops
entry |3 pages
Crop Domestication: Role of Unconscious Selection
entry |3 pages
Crop Improvement: Broadening the Genetic Base for
entry |3 pages
Crop Responses to Elevated Carbon Dioxide
entry |6 pages
Cropping Systems: Irrigated Continuous Rice Systems of Tropical and Subtropical Asia
entry |3 pages
Cropping Systems: Irrigated Rice and Wheat of the Indo-gangetic Plains
entry |5 pages
Cropping Systems: Rain-Fed Maize-Soybean Rotations of North America
entry |4 pages
Cropping Systems: Slash-and-Burn Cropping Systems of the Tropics
entry |3 pages
Cropping Systems: Yield Improvement of Wheat in Temperate Northwestern Europe
entry |4 pages
Crops and Environmental Change
entry |5 pages
Cross-species and Cross-genera Comparisons in the Grasses
entry |4 pages
Crown Gall
entry |3 pages
Cytogenetics of Apomixis
entry |5 pages
Drought and Drought Resistance
entry |4 pages
Drought Resistant Ideotypes: Future Technologies and Approaches for the Development of
entry |6 pages
Echinacea: Uses As a Medicine
entry |3 pages
Ecology and Agricultural Sciences
entry |3 pages
Ecology: Functions, Patterns, and Evolution
entry |3 pages
Economic Impact of Insects
entry |4 pages
Ecophysiology
entry |4 pages
Endosperm Development
entry |3 pages
Environmental Concerns and Agricultural Policy
entry |4 pages
Evolution of Plant Genome Microstructure
entry |4 pages
Exchange of Trace Gases Between Crops and the Atmosphere
entry |4 pages
Exciton Theory
entry |6 pages
Farmer Selection and Conservation of Crop Varieties
entry |4 pages
Female Gametogenesis
entry |5 pages
Fire Blight
entry |4 pages
Fixed-Nitrogen Deficiency: Overcoming by Nodulation
entry |4 pages
Floral Induction
entry |4 pages
Floral Scent
entry |4 pages
Flow Cytogenetics
entry |4 pages
Flower Development
entry |4 pages
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
entry |4 pages
Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthetic Apparatus
entry |4 pages
Functional Genomics and Gene Action Knockouts
entry |4 pages
Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens: Cell Biology
entry |4 pages
Gene Expression Modulation in Plants by Sugars in Response to Environmental Changes
entry |4 pages
Gene Flow Between Crops and Their Wild Progenitors
entry |4 pages
Gene Silencing: A Defense Mechanism Against Alien Genetic Information
entry |3 pages
Genetic Diversity Among Weeds
entry |3 pages
Genetic Resource Conservation of Seeds
entry |4 pages
Genetic Resources of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Brazil
entry |3 pages
Genetically Engineered Crops with Resistance Against Insects
entry |4 pages
Genetically Modified Oil Crops
entry |3 pages
Genome Rearrangements and Survival of Plant Populations to Changes in Environmental Conditions
entry |4 pages
Genome Size
entry |4 pages
Genome Structure and Gene Content in Plant and Protist Mitochondrial DNAs
entry |3 pages
Genomic Approaches to Understanding Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
entry |4 pages
Genomic Imprinting in Plants
entry |6 pages
Germplasm: International and National Centers
entry |4 pages
Germplasm Acquisition
entry |3 pages
Germplasm Collections: Regeneration in Maintenance
entry |3 pages
Germplasm Maintenance
entry |4 pages
Glycolysis
entry |3 pages
Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
entry |5 pages
Herbicides in the Environment: Fate of
entry |5 pages
Herbs, Spices, and Condiments
entry |4 pages
Human Cholinesterases from Plants for Detoxification
entry |4 pages
Interphase Nucleus, The
entry |4 pages
In Vitro Chromosome Doubling
entry |3 pages
In Vitro Flowering
entry |5 pages
In Vitro Morphogenesis in Plants—Recent Advances
entry |3 pages
In Vitro Plant Regeneration by Organogenesis
entry |3 pages
In Vitro Pollination and Fertilization
entry |4 pages
In Vitro Production of Triploid Plants
entry |4 pages
In Vitro Tuberization
entry |3 pages
Insect Life History Strategies: Development and Growth
entry |4 pages
Insect Life History Strategies: Reproduction and Survival
entry |4 pages
Insect/Host Plant Resistance in Crops
entry |3 pages
Insect-Plant Interactions
entry |4 pages
Integrated Pest Management
entry |3 pages
Intellectual Property and Plant Science
entry |6 pages
Interspecific Hybridization
entry |4 pages
Isoprenoid Metabolism
entry |6 pages
Larvicidal Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis in Soil: Release, Persistence, and Effects
entry |3 pages
Leaf Cuticle
entry |4 pages
Leaf Structure
entry |4 pages
Leaf Surface Sugars
entry |2 pages
Leaves and Canopies: Physical Environment
entry |3 pages
Leaves and the Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Levels
entry |5 pages
Legumes: Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Uses
entry |3 pages
Lesquerella Potential for Commercialization
entry |4 pages
Lipid Metabolism
entry |6 pages
Male Gametogenesis
entry |6 pages
Management of Bacterial Diseases of Plants: Regulatory Aspects
entry |3 pages
Management of Diseases in Seed Crops
entry |3 pages
Management of Fungal and Oomycete Diseases: Fruit Crops
entry |3 pages
Management of Fungal and Oomycete Diseases Vegetable Crops
entry |5 pages
Management of Nematode Diseases: Options
entry |2 pages
Marigold Flower: Industrial Applications
entry |3 pages
Mass Spectrometry for Identifying Proteins, Protein Modifications, and Protein Interactions in Plants
entry |3 pages
Mechanisms of Infection: Imperfect Fungi
entry |4 pages
Mechanisms of Infection: Oomycetes
entry |4 pages
Mechanisms of Infection: Rusts
entry |6 pages
Medical Molecular Pharming: Therapeutic Recombinant Antibodies, Biopharmaceuticals and Edible Vaccines in Transgenic Plants Engineered via the Chloroplast Genome
entry |3 pages
Meiosis
entry |6 pages
Metabolism, Primary: Engineering Pathways
entry |4 pages
Metabolism, Secondary: Engineering Pathways of
entry |2 pages
Milkweed: Commercial Applications
entry |3 pages
Minor Nutrients
entry |5 pages
Mitochondrial Respiration
entry |6 pages
Mitosis
entry |5 pages
Molecular Analysis of Chromosome Landmarks
entry |3 pages
Molecular Biology Applied to Weed Science
entry |5 pages
Molecular Evolution
entry |4 pages
Molecular Farming in Plants: Technology Platforms
entry |3 pages
Molecular Technologies and Their Role in Maintaining and Utilizing Genetic Resources
entry |3 pages
Mutational Processes
entry |4 pages
Mutualisms in Plant-Insect Interactions
entry |3 pages
Mycorrhizal Evolution
entry |3 pages
Mycorrhizal Symbioses
entry |5 pages
Mycotoxins Produced by Plant Pathogenic Fungi
entry |3 pages
Natural Rubber
entry |3 pages
Nematode Biology, Morphology, and Physiology
entry |4 pages
Nematode Feeding Strategies
entry |5 pages
Nematode Infestations: Assessment
entry |4 pages
Nematodes: Parasitism Genes
entry |3 pages
Nematode Population Dynamics
entry |5 pages
Nematode Problems: Most Prevalent
entry |4 pages
Nematodes and Host Resistance
entry |4 pages
Nematodes: Ecology
entry |5 pages
New Industrial Crops in Europe
entry |4 pages
New Secondary Metabolites: Potential Evolution
entry |3 pages
Nitrogen
entry |4 pages
Non-lnfectious Seed Disorders
entry |4 pages
Non-Wood Plant Fibers: Applications in Pulp and Papermaking
entry |6 pages
Nucleic Acid Metabolism
entry |4 pages
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Market Innovation
entry |3 pages
Oomycete-Plant Interactions: Current Issues in
entry |4 pages
Organic Agriculture as a Form of Sustainable Agriculture
entry |4 pages
Osmotic Adjustment and Osmoregulation
entry |3 pages
Oxidative Stress and DNA Modification in Plants
entry |4 pages
Oxygen Production
entry |3 pages
Paper and Pulp: Agro-based Resources for
entry |4 pages
Parasitic Weeds
entry |4 pages
Phenylpropanoids
entry |5 pages
Phosphorus
entry |4 pages
Photoperiodism and the Regulation of Flowering
entry |4 pages
Photoreceptors and Associated Signaling I: Phytochromes
entry |4 pages
Photoreceptors and Associated Signaling II: Cryptochromes
entry |4 pages
Photoreceptors and Associated Signaling III: Phototropins
entry |4 pages
Photoreceptors and Associated Signaling IV: UV Receptors
entry |4 pages
Photosynthate Partitioning and Transport
entry |5 pages
Photosynthesis and Stress
entry |4 pages
Photosystems: Electron Flow Through
entry |5 pages
Physiology of Herbivorous Insects
entry |5 pages
Phytochemical Diversity of Secondary Metabolites
entry |4 pages
Phytochrome and Cryptochrome Functions in Crop Plants
entry |4 pages
Phytoremediation: Advances Toward a New Cleanup Technology
entry |3 pages
Pierce's Disease and Others Caused by Xylella fastidiosa
entry |3 pages
Plant Cell Culture and Its Applications
entry |5 pages
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture Concepts and Methodologies
entry |5 pages
Plant Defenses Against Insects: Constitutive and Induced Chemical Defenses
entry |3 pages
Plant Defenses Against Insects: Physical Defenses
entry |9 pages
Plant Diseases Caused by Bacteria
entry |4 pages
Plant Diseases Caused by Subviral Agents
entry |5 pages
Plant DNA Virus Diseases
entry |4 pages
Plant–Pathogen Interactions: Evolution
entry |4 pages
Plant-Produced Recombinant Therapeutics
entry |3 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Abscisic Acid Fluxes
entry |5 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Biochemical Adaptations to Phosphate Deficiency
entry |3 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Critical Periods in Plant Development
entry |3 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Genome Reorganization in Flax
entry |3 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Mechanisms of Accommodation
entry |5 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Modifications of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
entry |4 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Phosphatidic Acid As a Second Messenger
entry |3 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Regulation of Plant Gene Expression to Drought
entry |4 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Role of Molecular Chaperones
entry |4 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Role of the Jasmonate Signal Transduction Pathway
entry |4 pages
Plant Response to Stress: Source-Sink Regulation by Stress
entry |5 pages
Plant Responses to Stress: Nematode Infection
entry |4 pages
Plant Responses to Stress: Ultraviolet-B Light
entry |3 pages
Plant RNA Virus Diseases
entry |3 pages
Plant Viral Synergisms
entry |3 pages
Plant Virus: Structure and Assembly
entry |3 pages
Plant Viruses: Initiation of Infection
entry |3 pages
Pollen-Stigma Interactions
entry |4 pages
Polyploidy
entry |4 pages
Population Genetics
entry |3 pages
Population Genetics of Plant Pathogenic Fungi
entry |6 pages
Potassium and Other Macronutrients
entry |6 pages
Pre-agricultural Plant Gathering and Management
entry |4 pages
Protoplast Applications in Biotechnology
entry |4 pages
Protoplast Culture and Regeneration
entry |5 pages
Quantitative Trait Locus Analyses of the Domestication Syndrome and Domestication Process
entry |4 pages
Radiation Hybrid Mapping
entry |3 pages
Reconciling Agriculture with the Conservation of Tropical Forests
entry |3 pages
Regeneration from Guard Cells of Crop and Other Plant Species
entry |3 pages
Rhizosphere: An Overview
entry |3 pages
Rhizosphere: Biochemical Reactions
entry |4 pages
Rhizosphere: Microbial Populations
entry |4 pages
Rhizosphere: Nutrient Movement and Availability
entry |4 pages
Rhizosphere Management: Microbial Manipulation for Biocontrol
entry |4 pages
Rice
entry |4 pages
RNA-Mediated Silencing
entry |4 pages
Root Membrane Activities Relevant to Plant-Soil Interactions
entry |3 pages
Root-Feeding Insects
entry |3 pages
Rubisco Activase
entry |3 pages
Secondary Metabolites as Phytomedicines
entry |3 pages
Seed Banks and Seed Dormancy Among Weeds
entry |4 pages
Seedborne Pathogens
entry |4 pages
Seed Dormancy
entry |5 pages
Seed Production
entry |3 pages
Seed Vigor
entry |6 pages
Seeds: Pathogen Transmission Through
entry |4 pages
Sex Chromosomes in Plants
entry |3 pages
Shade Avoidance Syndrome and Its Impact on Agriculture
entry |3 pages
Social Aspects of Sustainable Agriculture
entry |4 pages
Somaclonal Variation: Origins and Causes
entry |3 pages
Somatic Cell Genetics of Banana
entry |4 pages
Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants
entry |3 pages
Soy Wood Adhesives for Agro-Based Composites
entry |3 pages
Spatial Dimension, The: Geographic Information Systems and Geostatistics
entry |4 pages
Starch
entry |4 pages
Sucrose
entry |4 pages
Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security
entry |4 pages
Sustainable Agriculture: Definition and Goals
entry |4 pages
Sustainable Agriculture: Ecological Indicators
entry |3 pages
Sustainable Agriculture: Economic Indicators
entry |3 pages
Sustainable Agriculture: Philosophical Framework
entry |3 pages
Sweet Sorghum: Applications in Ethanol Production
entry |3 pages
Sweetgrass and Its Use in African-American Folk Art
entry |6 pages
Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop
entry |5 pages
Symbioses with Rhizobia and Mycorrhizal Fungi: Microbe/Plant Interactions and Signal Exchange
entry |4 pages
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
entry |4 pages
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: Plant Nutrition
entry |3 pages
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: Special Roles of Micronutrients
entry |4 pages
Tobamoviral Vectors: Developing a Production System for Pharmaceuticals in Transfected Plants
entry |5 pages
Transformation Methods and Impact
entry |4 pages
Transgenes (GM) Sampling and Detection Methods in Seeds
entry |3 pages
Transgenes: Expression and Silencing of
entry |3 pages
Transgenetic Plants: Breeding Programs for Sustainable Insect Resistance
entry |3 pages
Transgenic Crop Plants in the Environment
entry |3 pages
Transgenic Crops: Regulatory Standards and Procedures of Research and Commercialization
entry |4 pages
Trichomes
entry |3 pages
UV Radiation Effects on Phyllosphere Microbes
entry |4 pages
UV Radiation Penetration in Plant Canopies
entry |4 pages
Vaccines Produced in Transgenic Plants
entry |4 pages
Viral Host Genomics
entry |3 pages
Virus Assays: Detection and Diagnosis
entry |4 pages
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing
entry |4 pages
Virus Movement in Plants
entry |4 pages
Water Deficits: Development
entry |4 pages
Water Use Efficiency Including Carbon Isotope Discrimination
entry |3 pages
Wax Esters from Transgenic Plants
entry |4 pages
Weed Management in Less Developed Countries
entry |3 pages
Weeds in Turfgrass
entry |3 pages
Yeast Two-Hybrid Technology