ABSTRACT
Renal osteodystrophy refers to a collection of bone disorders that affect virtually all patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The term originally described osteitis fibrosa cystica, a high bone-turnover state. In the 1970s, however, it was recognized that excessive aluminum exposure could cause osteomalacia and a low bone-turnover state referred to as adynamic bone disease. It is now recognized that patients may be affected by a combination of these disorders and that mild forms exist. The frequency and pathological findings for each of these disorders are listed in Table 1.
