ABSTRACT
I. Introduction 402
II. Preface 403
III. Recommendations 403
IV. Classification of Allergic Rhinitis 404
V. Triggers of Allergic Rhinitis 405
A. Allergens 405
B. Pollutants 405
C. Aspirin 406
VI. Mechanisms of Allergic Rhinitis 406
VII. Comorbidities 407
A. Asthma 407
B. Other comorbidities 407
VIII. Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis 407
IX. Diagnosing Allergic Rhinitis 408
X. Management 409
XI. Recommendations Are Evidence-based 410
XII. Select Medications 411
XIII. Consider Immunotherapy 416
A. Subcutaneous Specific Immunotherapy Is Indicated 416
B. High-Dose Nasal and Sublingual-Swallow
Specific Immunotherapy 416
XIV. Treat in a Stepwise Approach (Adolescents and Adults) 416
XV. Treatment of Concomitant Rhinitis and Asthma 418
XVI. Pediatric Aspects 418
XVII. Adapting Guidelines for Use in Low-income Countries 419
I. Introduction
Many guidelines have been published nowadays. Some say too many guidelines.
I believe that guidelines are extremely useful, especially for the general prac-
titioner, and also for the specialist.
