ABSTRACT
CONTENTS Introduction.............................................................................................. 40 Homeland Security: The Effort before September 11th ............................ 41
The New FBI................................................................................... 41 Consolidation of the Federal Law Enforcement Effort ..................... 42 One National Homeland Security Agency ....................................... 43 State and Local ‘‘Security’’ Initiatives ............................................... 45 The Public Sentiment toward a Sole National Security Agency ....... 45
The Aftermath of 9/11: A New Perspective on Homeland Security.......... 47 The New Conception of a Homeland Security Organization........... 47 Office of Homeland Security ........................................................... 47
The Department of Homeland Security........................................... 48 Organizational Culture and ‘‘Security’’ Structures ..................................... 49
Evolving Cultures............................................................................. 49 A Control Culture Mechanism......................................................... 50 Changing Culture ............................................................................ 51
Toward an Ideal Homeland Security Structure ......................................... 51 Conclusion................................................................................................ 53 References ................................................................................................. 54 URL Web Sites ........................................................................................ 57
Introduction Although the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution delegates the power to regulate (Gaines and Kappeler, 2003) to the states, recent terrorist attacks raise questions about which level of government should proactively manage, coordinate, and allocate public safety and emergency preparedness resources for homeland security. Before the terrorist attacks, the federal government provides direct funding to state and local police agencies, and takes on a mentorship approach in helping state and local entities coordinate a nationwide public safety effort (see the COPS Fact Sheet on Training and Technical Assistance, 1999). However, the events of 9/11 have forced the U.S. government to take a forefront, hands-on approach in public safety matters. Many argue that these activities require a national proactive approach, i.e., one that is led by the federal government but still involves state and local governments, and even private entities (Cohen et al., 2002; Comfort, 2002; Donley and Pollard, 2002; Glendening, 2002; Kirlin and Kirlin, 2002; Walker, 2002; Wise and Nader, 2002). The nation, with no real fear of international terrorism as seen around the world, may have been lulled into believing that the public safety community reflected the entire concept of homeland security. This may have produced a narrowed theoretical perspective on what homeland security really means, without actually using the term. The use of the term ‘‘homeland security’’ to replace ‘‘public safety’’ is more than mere semantics. The term homeland security expands the concept of safety beyond the narrow barriers of the police, firefighters, paramedics, and other enforcement emergency response personnel. Homeland security enlarges the traditional public safety concerns and includes a proactive effect to address natural events such as floods, wildfires, hurricanes, and volcanoes, and the protection of man-made and natural assets.
