ABSTRACT
The immunogenicity enhancements induced by particulate antigen vehicle such as liposome are unsurprising, because natural pathogens are also particulates and the immune system has evolved to deal with these. The biotechnological challenges to produce liposome vaccines are the stability of both, the antigen and liposome. Vaccine stability is an essential prerequisite to the successful development and dissemination of inexpensive, effective vaccine formulation. In many instances in the past, potential vaccine candidates have failed due to substantial losses at the production or downstream processing stages. There are reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) where labile entities have been successfully produced at the commercial level, only to be inactivated by inadequacies in the handling procedures during transportation and distribution. Such occurrences have contributed to the failure of many vaccination campaigns. Consequently, it is useful to take into consideration all of the process steps which is, starting from antigen production down to its stability, including encapsulation within stable or stabilized liposomes.
