ABSTRACT
Past assessment and review of the causes of heart failure in the adult with congenital heart disease largely focused on measures of ventricular systolic performance, typically emphasizing relationship with the ‘‘old baggage’’ of longstanding alterations of volume and anatomic loading conditions on ventricular function (1,2). These issues not withstanding, this chapter will focus on the multitude of additional potentials for heart failure specific to, varying in, or first recognized in the aging patient with congenital heart disease, with referenced literature geared to this population.
