ABSTRACT
Residential segregation has hardly been affected by the Second Reconstruction and much the same applies to segregation in the public schools, especially in the North. By 1877 the Republican Party was prepared to make the political deal that withdrew federal troops from the South, ending major Reconstruction efforts. Support for civil rights reflected new political conditions, such as the development of a substantial black vote and the emergence of many new nations of color during the Cold War. The 1964 Republican candidate for president, Barry Goldwater, who was openly opposed to civil rights reform, achieved the electoral support of five Southern states that had previously been part of the Democratic Party’s perennially reliable “Solid South.” The importance and persistence of whites’ disparaging attitudes towards African Americans are further suggested by public policy developments that outlasted civil rights reforms.
