ABSTRACT
Language is the tool through which we share our thoughts with others. This chapter looks at how the language system is constructed and how it allows users to generate meaning and define reality. It begins by defining signs and symbols and by discussing linguistic productivity. It then moves on to consider the connection between language, memory, and cognition. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is introduced, and examples are given of ways in which language determines thought. A section on neologisms and on reappropriating negative labels shows how languages change over time and how stigmatized groups can regain power by reclaiming language.
Each of the subsystems of language, phonology, semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics are explained. Particular attention is given to the social context of language. CMM theory is introduced, as is Grice’s cooperative principle and conversational maxims. To illustrate differences in styles of discourse, conversation, and classroom discourse are contrasted.
The essential role language plays in maintaining social identity is illustrated by gendered communication styles. Research on gender differences is discussed and critiqued. Finally, the effects of four language choices are considered: ambiguity, immediacy, abstraction, and metaphor. The chapter ends with suggestions of how to improve language choices.
