ABSTRACT
Low immunoreactivity and high immunosuppressive properties make mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) a suitable stem cell source for therapy. It has been shown in numerous model systems that MSCs can be used to successfully treat cardiovascular, neurological and musculoskeletal disorders either by differentiation into competent cardiomyocytes, neuron-like cells and chondrocytes, respectively; or through a paracrine effect via the secretion of growth, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. Stem cells can be found throughout the body, being present in many tissues and organs. In addition, stem cells can be isolated from the heretofore waste products of birth as well as being created in the laboratory. When considering the use of stem cells for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, one must consider the practical aspects of the endeavour. Lower cell numbers and a reduced proliferative and differentiation capability owing to in vitro and in vivo aging make bone marrow a less ideal source of MSCs.
