ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a discussion on the causes, diagnosis, and investigation of urinary-related symptoms. It provides a general practitioner overview, differential diagnosis, possible investigations, and top tips for dealing with urinary-related symptoms in patients. The symptoms discussed are blood in urine, dysuria, excessive urination, increased frequency of micturition, incontinence, nocturia, and retention. The differential diagnosis includes common, occasional, and rare causes of the symptoms. Nocturia may present in isolation or it may be a manifestation of other urinary disturbances such as polyuria or frequency. Retention is failure to empty the bladder completely. The acute form characteristically affects men, presents urgently and requires immediate catheterisation or hospitalisation.
