ABSTRACT
A conceptual framework is a useful tool that identifies the researcher’s world view of the research topic and defines his/her assumptions and preconceptions. The applicability of Type-1 multi-level governance (MLG) allows examining the freshwater governance framework at multiple geographic levels. The real-life problem of existing and future water challenges make the case study method appropriate for analysing the role of power politics in transboundary water sharing. Water is governed at multiple geographic levels making it vital to analyse the academic literature on MLG approach. Water is so important for all aspects of society that power is wielded to maintain control over water. The impacts are assessed against the goals of socio-relational, and ecological inclusiveness where the ecosystem services of water have also been incorporated. Through history, societies have institutionalised customary rules into formal rules to address water issues.
