ABSTRACT
The distinction and the relationship between formal and informal has been a central issue in organizational studies, at least starting from the criticisms voiced against “classical” organization theory. The idea that the formal organization springs from management decisions, and the informal organization from the choices made by the work group is also shared by many of the theories inspired by the actor-centered approach. The interpersonal relationship patterns and those between the units/groups in the organization are entirely informal and embedded in everyday work practices. The informal organization is produced despite of and in contrast with the formal organizational structure. The formal organization grows out of the informal and is influenced by it, and, once established, needs informal organizations in order to function. Conversely, no informal organization can last or expand unless a formal organization emerges.
