ABSTRACT
The settlement of 1688–9, peacefully acknowledged in England and Wales and enforced by war in Scotland and Ireland, was just the beginning of a much longer process of political consolidation and, at least partial, integration which occupied the four nations in the following century. When William III and Mary II were made joint rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland, Louis XIV of France continued to support the Stuarts. After nine years of war, which brought no real advantage for either side, France was financially exhausted. In the Treaty of Ryswick, William was eventually recognised as king of England, Scotland and Ireland. The battle of Culloden took place on Wednesday, 16 April 1746, about five miles south-east of Inverness near the village of Culloden in the area of Drumoisse Moor.
