ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on some of the more important and conventional techniques used for the purpose of subsurface characterization, design of subsurface remediation strategy, and ultimate monitoring. Subsurface geologic, hydrogeologic, and environmental conditions can be directly evaluated by the drilling of soil or rock borings, and subsequent installation and construction of monitoring wells or soil vapor probes. Several techniques are available for the drilling of soil or rock borings regardless of their eventual use. Cable-tool drilling is the oldest drilling technique available and, although commonly used in glacial environments in the Pacific Northwest portion of the US, the availability of cable-tool drilling rigs is restrictive in most parts of the country. Rotary drilling techniques include direct mud rotary, air rotary, air rotary with a casing driver, and dual-wall reverse circulation. With direct mud rotary, drilling fluid is pumped down through the bit at the end of the drill rods, then is circulated up the annular space back to the surface.
