ABSTRACT
The chapter argues that institutional- and individual-level anti-Gypsyism are major obstacles to the societal inclusion of Roma people. Anti-Gypsyism is a historically lasting form of prejudice that is unique in that it reflects socially approved norms. As a result, intergroup contact may actually increase rather than decrease prejudice. Using empirical data from various European countries, we show that anti-Gypsyism is characterized by traditional negative stereotypes as well as features of modern prejudice. However, it is primarily explained by the lack of empathy and moral inclusion of Roma people within mainstream society, which is a result of long-standing discrimination. We argue that when national identities are fragile, majority members are less likely to be open to Roma integration in terms of cultural maintenance and to offer full access to society's institutions. We conclude that anti-Gypsyism is not just a result of historical, economic, and political instability, but it is also an integral aspect of maintaining social and political instability and unrest. This is because it solidifies intergroup differences, strengthens threat perceptions, and ultimately undermines intergroup solidarity.
