ABSTRACT

There has been an exponential increase in the volume and quality of published research relating to breast disease over the past decades. This book identifies the 50 key scientific articles in the field of breast disease and breast surgery and examines their importance and impact on current clinical care.

Among thousands of articles, a small fraction are truly 'game changing'. Such studies form the foundations of breast surgery today, and the selection of papers within this book provide the 50 landmark papers every 21st-century breast surgeon needs to know. A commentary to each carefully selected paper explains why these papers are so important, thus providing every surgeon with the foundation stones of knowledge in this fast-moving area.

A valuable reference not only to the established surgeon, but also to breast surgery residents and trainees, as well as to more experienced surgeons as they continue to learn new techniques and approaches and to improve their knowledge of breast disease and treatments. The papers provide an evidence-based resource for those surgeons preparing for professional exams and may inspire clinicians to produce new research.

part Section One|12 pages

• Epidemiology

chapter Chapter 1|6 pages

Type and Timing of Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk: Individual Participant Meta-Analysis of the Worldwide Epidemiological Evidence

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 394(10204):1159–1168, 2019

chapter Chapter 2|6 pages

Moderate Alcohol Intake and Cancer Incidence in Women

Allen N, Beral V, Cassabone D, Kan SW, Reeves GK, Brown A, Green J on behalf of the Million Women Study Collaborators. J Natl Cancer Inst 101(5):296–305, 2009

part Section Two|18 pages

• Screening and Prevention

chapter Chapter 3|6 pages

Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study (NSABP P-1)

Fisher B, Costantino J, Wickerman D, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 97(22):1652–1662, 2005

chapter Chapter 4|6 pages

The Swedish Two-County Trial of Mammographic Screening for Breast Cancer: Recent Results and Calculation of Benefit

Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Duffy SW, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health 43:107–114, 1989

chapter Chapter 5|6 pages

The Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening: An Independent Review

Marmot MG, Altman DG, Cameron DA, Dewar JA, Thompson SG, Wilcox M. Br J Cancer 108(11):2205–2240, 2013

part Section Three|20 pages

• Diagnostic Imaging

chapter Chapter 6|8 pages

Diagnostic Performance of Digital versus Film Mammography for Breast-Cancer Screening

Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E, Yaffe M, Baum JK, Acharyya S, Conant EF, Fajardo LL, Bassett L, D'Orsi C, Jong R, Rebner M. N Engl J Med 353(17):1773–1783, 2005

chapter Chapter 7|6 pages

Screening with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Mammography of a UK Population at High Familial Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Multicentre Cohort Study (MARIBS)

Leach MO, Boggis CRM, Dixon AK, Easton DF, et al. Lancet 365(9473):1769–1778, 2005

chapter Chapter 8|6 pages

Comparative Effectiveness of MRI in Breast Cancer (COMICE) Trial: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Turnbull L, Brown S, Harvey I, Olivier C, Drew P, Napp V, Hanby A, Brown J. Lancet 375:563–571, 2010

part Section Four|16 pages

• Surgery: Mastectomy versus Conservation

chapter Chapter 9|6 pages

Twenty-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Lumpectomy plus Irradiation for the Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer

Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, Jeong JH, Wolmark N. N Engl J Med 347(16):1233–1241, 2002

chapter Chapter 10|4 pages

The Association of Surgical Margins and Local Recurrence in Women with Early-Stage Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: A Meta-Analysis

Houssami N, Macaskill P, Marinovich ML, Morrow M. Ann Surg Oncol 21(3):717–730, 2014

chapter Chapter 11|6 pages

Ten Year Survival after Breast-Conserving Surgery plus Radiotherapy Compared with Mastectomy in Early Breast Cancer in the Netherlands: A Population-Based Study

van Maaren MC, de Munck L, de Back GH, Jobsen J, van Dalen T, Poortmans P, Strobbe LC, Siesling S. Lancet Oncol 17:1258–1270, 2016

part Section Five|20 pages

• De-Escalation of Axillary Surgery

chapter Chapter 12|6 pages

Twenty-Five-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Radical Mastectomy, Total Mastectomy, and Total Mastectomy followed by Irradiation

Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, Bryant J, Fisher ER, Wolmark N. N Engl J Med 347(8):567–575, 2002

chapter Chapter 15|6 pages

Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Node-Positive Breast Cancer: The ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) Clinical Trial

Boughey JC, Suman VJ, Mittendorf EA, et al. JAMA 310(14):1455–1461, 2013

part Section Six|20 pages

• Oncoplastic Breast Surgery/Breast Reconstruction

chapter Chapter 16|4 pages

Planning and Use of Therapeutic Mammaplasty: The Nottingham Approach

McCulley SJ, Macmillan RD. Br J Plast Surg 58(7):889−901, 2005

chapter Chapter 17|4 pages

Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery for Women with Primary Breast Cancer

Nanda A, Hu J, Hodgkinson S, Ali S, Rainsbury R, Roy PG. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10):CD013658, 2021

chapter Chapter 18|6 pages

Short-Term Safety Outcomes of Mastectomy and Immediate Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction with and without Mesh (iBRA): A Multicentre, Prospective Cohort Study

Potter S, Conroy EJ, Cutress RI, et al. Lancet Oncol 20:254–266, 2019

chapter Chapter 19|6 pages

Improving Breast Cancer Surgery: A Classification and Quadrant per Quadrant Atlas for Oncoplastic Surgery

Clough KB, Kaufman GJ, Nos C, Buccimazza I, Sarfati IM.Ann Surg Oncol 17:1375–1391, 2010

part Section Seven|28 pages

• Breast Cancer Genomics and Prognostic Tools

chapter Chapter 20|4 pages

Gene Expression Patterns of Breast Carcinomas Distinguish Tumor Subclasses with Clinical Implications

Sørlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H, et al.Proc Natl Acad Sci 98(19):10869–10874, 2001

chapter Chapter 21|6 pages

Comprehensive Molecular Portraits of Human Breast Tumours

The Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Nature 490:61–70, 2012

chapter Chapter 22|6 pages

70-Gene Signature as an Aid to Treatment Decisions in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Cardoso F, van't Veer LJ, Bogaerts J, et al. for the MINDACT Investigators. N Engl J Med 375(8):717–729, 2016

chapter Chapter 23|6 pages

21-Gene Assay to Inform Chemotherapy Benefit in Node-Positive Breast Cancer (RxPonder)

Kalinsky K, Barlow WE, Gralow JR, et al. New Engl J Med 385:2336–2347, 2021

chapter Chapter 24|6 pages

PREDICT: A New UK Prognostic Model That Predicts Survival Following Surgery for Invasive Breast Cancer

Wishart GC, Azzato EM, Greenberg DC, et al. Breast Cancer Res 12:R1–R10, 2010

part Section Eight|24 pages

• Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

chapter Chapter 25|6 pages

Genomic Analysis Defines Clonal Relationships of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Recurrent Invasive Breast Cancer

Lips EH, Kumar T, Megalios A, Visser LL, Sheinman M, Fortunato A, et al. Grand Challenge PRECISION Consortium. Nature Genet 54:850–860, 2022

chapter Chapter 26|6 pages

Pathological Features of 11,337 Patients with Primary Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) and Subsequent Events: Results from the UK Sloane Project

Shaaban AM, Hilton B, Clements K, Provenzano E, Cheung S, Wallis MG, et al. Br J Cancer 2021 Mar;124(5):1009–1017

chapter Chapter 27|6 pages

Effect of Tamoxifen and Radiotherapy in Women with Locally Excised Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Long-Term Results from the UK/ANZ DCIS Trial

Cuzick J, Sestak I, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, Forsyth S, Bundred NJ, et al. Lancet Oncol 12(1):21–29, 2011

chapter Chapter 28|6 pages

A Prognostic Index for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast

Silverstein MJ, Lagios MD, Craig PH, et al. Cancer 77(11):2267–2274, 1996

part Section Nine|12 pages

• Adjuvant Chemotherapy

chapter Chapter 29|6 pages

Comparisons between Different Polychemotherapy Regimens for Early Breast Cancer: Meta-Analyses of Long-Term Outcome among 100,000 Women in 123 Randomised Trials

Peto R, Davies C, Godwin J, Gray, R, Pan, HC, Clarke, M, et al. Lancet 379(9814):432−444, 2012

chapter Chapter 30|6 pages

Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy: CREATE-X

Masuda N, Lee S-J, Ohtani S, Im Y-H, Lee E-S, Yokota I, et al. N Engl J Med 376:2147−2159, 2017

part Section Ten|22 pages

• Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy

chapter Chapter 31|6 pages

Relevance of Breast Cancer Hormone Receptors and Other Factors to the Efficacy of Adjuvant Tamoxifen: Patient-Level Meta-Analysis of Randomised Trials

Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Lancet 378:771–784, 2011

chapter Chapter 33|4 pages

Tailoring Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Premenopausal Breast Cancer

Francis PA, Pagani O, Fleming GF, et al. N Engl J Med 379:122–137, 2018

chapter Chapter 34|6 pages

Anastrozole Alone or in Combination with Tamoxifen versus Tamoxifen Alone for Adjuvant Treatment of Postmenopausal Women with Early Breast Cancer: First Results of the ATAC Randomised Trial

Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination; ATAC Trialists' Group. Lancet 359(9324):2131–2139, 2002

part Section Eleven|24 pages

• Immunotherapy/Systemic Therapy

chapter Chapter 35|6 pages

11 Years' Follow-Up of Trastuzumab after Adjuvant Chemotherapy in HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer: Final Analysis of the HERceptin Adjuvant (HERA) Trial

Cameron D, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Gelber RD, Procter M, Goldhirsch A, de Azambuja E, et al. and Herceptin Adjuvant (HERA) Trial Study Team. Lancet 389(10075):1195–1205, 2017

chapter Chapter 36|6 pages

Adjuvant Olaparib for Patients with BRCA1- or BRCA2-Mutated Breast Cancer

Tutt ANJ, Garber JE, Kaufman B, et al. N Engl J Med 384(25):2394–2405, 2021

chapter Chapter 37|6 pages

Pembrolizumab for Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Schmid P, Cortes J, Dent R, et al. New Engl J Med 386(6):556−567, 2022

chapter Chapter 38|6 pages

Trastuzumab Emtansine for Residual Invasive HER2-Positive Breast Cancer

von Minckwitz G, Huang C-S, Mano MS, et al. for the KATHERINE Investigators. N Engl J Med 380:617–628, 2019

part Section Twelve|20 pages

• Adjuvant Radiotherapy

chapter Chapter 39|4 pages

Breast-Conserving Surgery with or without Irradiation in Early Breast Cancer (PRIME II)

Kunkler IH, Williams LJ, Jack WJL, Cameron DA, Dixon JM Breast-conserving surgery with or without irradiation in early breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. 16;388(7):585–94, 2023

chapter Chapter 40|4 pages

Effect of Radiotherapy after Breast-Conserving Surgery on 10-Year Recurrence and 15-Year Breast Cancer Death: Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data for 10,801 Women in 17 Randomised Trials

Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) Darby S, McGale P, Correa C, et al. Lancet 378(9804):1707–1716, 2011

chapter Chapter 41|4 pages

Whole-Breast Irradiation with or without a Boost for Patients Treated with Breast-Conserving Surgery for Early Breast Cancer: 20-Year Follow-Up of a Randomised Phase 3 Trial

Bartelink H, Maingon P, Poortmans P, et al. On behalf of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology and Breast Cancer Groups. Lancet 16:47−56, 2015

chapter Chapter 43|4 pages

Hypofractionated Breast Radiotherapy for 1 Week versus 3 Weeks (FAST-Forward): 5-Year Efficacy and Late Normal Tissue Effects; Results from a Multicentre, Non-Inferiority, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial

Brunt AM, Haviland JS, Wheatley DA, et al., on behalf of the FAST-Forward Trial Management Group. Lancet 395(10237):1613–1626, 2020

part Section Thirteen|12 pages

• Bisphosphonates

chapter Chapter 44|6 pages

Adjuvant Zoledronic Acid in Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Final Efficacy Analysis of the AZURE (BIG 01/04) Randomised Open-Label Phase 3 Trial

Coleman R, Cameron D, Dodwell D, et al., on behalf of the AZURE Investigators. Lancet Oncol 15(9):997−1006, 2014

chapter Chapter 45|6 pages

Long-Term Effects of Anastrozole on Bone Mineral Density: 7-Year Results from the ATAC Trial

Eastell R, Adams J, Clack G, Howell A, Cuzick J, Mackey J, et al. Annals Oncol 22(4):857–862, 2011

part Section Fourteen|6 pages

• Surgery for Metastatic Disease

chapter Chapter 46|6 pages

Locoregional Treatment versus No Treatment of the Primary Tumour in Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Open-Label Randomised Controlled Trial

Badwe R, Hawaldar R, Nair N, Kaushik R, Parmar V, Siddique S, et al. Lancet Oncol 16:1380−1388, 2015

part Section Fifteen|26 pages

• Breast Cancer in Pregnancy/Prophylactic Surgery for Family History

chapter Chapter 47|6 pages

Treatment of Breast Cancer during Pregnancy: An Observational Study

Loibl S, Han SN, Minckwitz GV, Bontenbal M, Ring A, Giermek J, et al. Lancet Oncol 13:887−896, 2012

chapter Chapter 48|8 pages

Germline BRCA Mutation and Outcome in Young-Onset Breast Cancer (POSH): A Prospective Cohort Study

Copson ER, Maishman TC, Tapper WJ, Cutress RI, Greville-Heygate S, Altman DG, et al. Lancet Oncol 19(2):169–180, 2018

chapter Chapter 49|6 pages

Efficacy of Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer

Hartmann L, Schaid D, Woods J, Crotty T, Myers J, Arnold P, et al. N Engl J Med 340(2):77−84, 1999

chapter Chapter 50|6 pages

Wire- and Magnetic-Seed-Guided Localization of Impalpable Breast Lesions: iBRA-NET Localisation Study (Arm 1)

Dave RV, Barrett E, Morgan J, et al., on behalf of the iBRA-NET Localisation Study Collaborative. Br J Surg 109:274–282, 2022