ABSTRACT
Europe’s commercial relations with China operate at two levels, which do not wholly overlap but are not mutually exclusive. One is the bilateral level of trade and investment relations between China and individual countries of Europe.1 The other is the collective level of such relations between China and the collective organization of the European Union, of which an increasing number of European countries have become members.2 Both levels of relations are embraced in this chapter, although for reasons of space it is impossible to treat individual European countries’ commercial relations with China in as much detail as I would have wished.
