ABSTRACT
The end of the nineteenth century was, quite strangely, marked both by a return to Aristotle in various academic disciplines and a crucial parting with the remains of scholastic influence. Initiated by the progress of philological studies, the rediscovery of ancient thought played a major role in rejuvenating many disciplines, even quite far from classical humanities. Whether they followed Aristotle's intuitions, or they reacted against canonical ideas, scientists were influenced by his thought. For instance, in the domain of logic, whereas Kant had judged in his Critique of Pure Reason that there could be no further progress beyond rules established by the Stagirite and refined by the medieval Scholastics, quite contrarily, Frege, Hilbert and other German and Austrian logicians reshaped the field on a totally new basis.
