South Africa From Indirect to Direct Effect in South Africa: a System in Transition

The most prominent feature of South Africa’s constitutional landscape over the past 15 years has been the speed with which the system has changed. Since the former President Fredrik Willem de Klerk officially announced the beginning of negotiations with the African National Congress (ANC) and its allies in November 1990, the country has lived under no fewer than three constitutions – the last apartheid Constitution of 1983,1 the so-called ‘Interim’ Constitution of 1993 (IC),2 and the current ‘Final’ Constitution of 1996 (FC).3