ABSTRACT
The human individual is both energizer/initiator and object of human security. The primary justification of the state is that it elevates security of its citizenry. Hobbes judged how the state provides protection at the cost of diminishing human liberty, and twentieth-century states have demonstrated how far they would reduce that liberty, even with little increase in human security. Society is intermediate between individual and the state, if no states existed, communities would have to provide the human security required for extended and adequate life. With the emergence of the first state, and with its further refinement as organized force, other societies became vulnerable and eventually had to create full-time armies and the other accoutrements of government. The cost of not organizing specialized government was to risk conquest, subordination, and absorption.
