ABSTRACT
The urgent question that was deemed by many Jews to require an answer shifted in modern times, the eighteenth century to the present. The question “Why is Israel subordinated to the gentiles?” had found its answer in Israel’s sanctification and God’s judgment for Israel’s failures. With the political changes represented by the emancipation of the Jews and their gaining citizenship, a new urgent question arose: How is it possible to be both an Israelite and something else – a French, German, British, or American citizen, for example?
