ABSTRACT
Introduction The current natural resource and environmental problems confronting Indonesia reflect the impacts of four important economic trends: (1) rapid population growth; (2) rapid economic growth over the past two decades, fuelled mainly by oil but also by other natural resource exports; (3) considerable expansion of food production, the beginnings of industrialization and regional economic development off Java; and (4) extensive land opening, often under marginal environmental conditions in both upland and lowland areas (Hanson, 1987).
