ABSTRACT
Much uncertainty existed as to how the Fascist and Nazi parties might be assimilated into the state. The simplest way would have been to replace the existing administrative class with militants from the PNF and NSDAP. This was not desirable for at least three related reasons. First, it conflicted with the vision that the more radical and populist elements in the two parties had for themselves. To be forced to submit to regular procedures and routines was at odds with the rebellious ‘fascist’ mentality. Second, both Hitler and Mussolini mistrusted the professional civil service because the bureaucracies were full of opportunists and fellow travellers who joined the movements after they had already succeeded. Finally, the PNF and NSDAP simply lacked the technical abilities to run the state. At best, the party could act as guardian of the so-called ‘revolution’, but to accomplish even this task it had to be reorganized and centralized. For various reasons, however, neither Mussolini nor Hitler wanted to entrust the party with this much initiative.
