ABSTRACT
In Chapter 7, attention will be paid to the stability of individual stones on a sloping surface under wave attack. Due to the complex water movement of waves breaking on a slope, it is not yet possible to derive a satisfactory theoretical expression for the forces on and the stability of such stones. This means that this chapter contains a multitude of empirical formulae, all based on the results of small-scale experiments. Although it would not be wise to learn all these formulae by heart, it is necessary to understand them and their significance to the designer of a breakwater.
