ABSTRACT
Modern ports bring both prosperity and problems. They bring trade and wealth, but at the same time they bring crushing, uncontrollable congestion of road and rail; costly construction and maintenance for landside infrastructure; enormous costs associated with dredging underwater channels and disposing of the dredged sediments; hot competition for an urban area’s most valuable land-on the waterfront; and an almost exquisite vulnerability to terrorist attack via the very containers that form the basis of modern trade and wealth.
