ABSTRACT
The second key aspect of modernity that Habermas’s discussion in Chapter 2 focused on is the notion of historical development and progress towards more rational and just forms of social organisation and cultural interaction. This is one of the guiding ideas of modern thought, and is one that has been a key category for postmodern critics to question. Ideas of history have already been touched upon in other arguments explored so far. Chapter 2 also introduced Berman’s analysis of the modern as a resolutely developmental world-view in which progress transforms every aspect of experience as new social and economic organisations generate new forms of identity and community at a rapidly increasing pace. We have also seen some of the postmodern responses to this idea of historical progress. Chapter 1 introduced Jameson’s idea of postmodern depthlessness and the weakening of a sense of history, in which any idea of continuity with and development from the past has evaporated, and Hutcheon’s notion of historiographic metafiction by which literary texts set out to challenge the received meanings of past events. Chapter 2 discussed Lyotard’s arguments about the destruction of the modern grand narratives that identify and shape historical progress. Each of these questions the idea of development and progress that underlies the modern sense of historical change. Key questions that were left unanswered in all of these modern and postmodern arguments, however, include the
following: what is at stake in this focus on historical progress? Why is history so important for both modern and postmodern thought? What sorts of history do they present? And how do these notions of history relate to the everyday experience of individuals and the cultures and societies they inhabit?
