ABSTRACT
Bianchini (1993) is more positive about the cultural regeneration process in industrial cities. He cites numerous examples of northern industrial cities in the UK and other parts of Western Europe that have benefited from cultural regeneration initiatives (e.g. Liverpool, Glasgow, Birmingham, Sheffield, Bradford, Newcastle, Swansea, Rotterdam, Bilbao, Hamburg). Many of these cities have focused on cultural flagship projects, garden festivals, ‘mega-events’ or waterfront development schemes. Some of these examples will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.
