Campaigns of Germany and France, 1813–14

Because of his enemies’ failure to unite, or other factors, Napoleon had fought one great power at a time in his earlier campaigns. ¹ In 1813, early on, Bonaparte had against him only Russia and Prussia (plus Britain, at sea). He had greater numbers than his enemies, and was in Germany before he was expected (see below). Eventually, however, he had to face the combined armies of the major (and minor) European powers, who had twice his forces, and no allies but Eugene, in Italy It was the same in 1814. That would make a great difference in the campaigns of 1813—14.